Sino-Nepal

Influence of Buddhism on Chinese Civilization: A Soft Power Tool of Modern Diplomacy

Abstract The integration of Buddhism in China and Chinese Civilization could be traced back to the development of the тАШSilk Road.тАЩ From the reign of modern-day since the reign of various families, history also has a rally with development and expansion of activities. The rise and downfall of Buddhism in China are witnessed during the changes in the regime. Since the foundation of the PeopleтАЩs Republic of China (PRC), China does not recognize religion. However, After the end of the Cultural Revolution and ChinaтАЩs Economic Reform and Opening Up, China loosens the practice of religious activities. This paper will analyze how Buddhism has influenced the Chinese civilization. With a comprehensive analysis of history and literature, this paper finds that Buddhism is a part of Chinese Civilization and a manifestation tool of Chinese Diplomacy. Keywords: Buddhism, Chinese Civilization, Cultural Heritage Download Full Article , Alternative Download Link

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Geopolitical Significant of South and South East Asia in World Theater

Abstract South and South-East Asia cover global attraction in the time period. With emerging global economic, resident of around one-third of the total population, global power competition is focused in the region. Chinese influence in the region is rising on the other side, US engagements in the region to deter China is growing. This review paper will concentrate addressing the question: How does the region becomes pivotal point for geo-political competitions? With growing influence of China in the region, the US engagement is also increasing. This paper focuses on the power struggle of US and China in the region behind these engagements. The rising US military and economic assistance to countries like Nepal shows the geopolitical involvement in the region for global power politics. Download full Article

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Concern on Implementation of BRI in Nepal, a Challenge to New FM

Bidhur Dhakal Nepal is running behind the political hurdles after the formation of the New Government in 2022. The hunk parliament from the election held in 2022 has created political turmoil in Nepal. Soon after the electoral election coalition has break up and a New coalition with a majority of the leftist government was formed. The coalitions remained until the election of the President and were broke. The largest communist party in the coalition has stepped back. In this context, the country is lagging in foreign relations and foreign policy. For about one and a half-month foreign ministry was vacant. During this period there was a lagging of ministerial dialogue with the тАШCounter PartтАЩ of other nations. It impacts Bilateral relations and enhances foreign affairs. This shows the irresponsible attitude of the leadership on foreign affairs. The political instability in Nepal is always been a concern of China. With the formation of New Govern in Nepal, the US engagement was in hype at the start of 2023. Soon after the change in the coalition vacant, the line ministry Nepal lags in engaging with the friend from the North. China has been concerned about NepalтАЩs political changes, especially with the US asking questions about the impact of the Tibetan refugee crisis. Communist leader Bhandari expressed his feelings that the Communist Party of China (CPM) was not only in China but also in good faith in the government. China is sure of Nepal. The national leader met him today. There is long-term lasting concern about the тАЬTibet IssueтАЭ in Nepal for China. The US official engagement in Kathmandu has raised it more. Next, the implementation of the BRI in Nepal. The US program MCC, which was agreed upon late after BRI, has been ratified by parliament and is going on implementation. BIR, on the other hand, is not able to proceed. China has communicated with Nepal concerning this issue regularly. The congratulatory message from President Xi Jinping to newly elected Nepalese counterpart Ramchandra Paudel has attached great importance to the development of China-Nepal relations and is willing to work with Poudel to carry forward the traditional friendship between the two countries, consolidate mutual political trust, advance high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, expand cultural and people-to-people exchanges, to constantly promote the strategic partnership of cooperation featuring ever-lasting friendship for development and prosperity. On the 15th Round of the Diplomatic Consultation meeting held between Nepal and China early this month, China again raised the issue of the implementation of BRI. Challenge for New Minister The member of the central working committee of the Nepali Congress party, Narayan Prakash Saud assumed the office of Foreign Minister in mid of April. A foreign affair is a new area for Saud, who has been entrusted with the responsibility of strengthening foreign relations by winning the trust of Prime Minister Puspa Kamal Dahal as well as balancing great power. It will be his responsibility to maintain balanced foreign relations by closely observing the growing geopolitical ups and downs internationally. Soon after assuming office at the Ministry, Minister Saud said that He said Nepal would continue to deepen relations with all its neighbours. Saud has taken charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at a time when the countryтАЩs challenge is to maintain balanced relations with India and China, which are emerging economies of different political systems, and to increase relations with other countries, including the US, in line with the national interest in the changing geopolitical environment. Foreign relations have to be managed in the context of internal political instability in Nepal and a coalition government between different political parties. Powers, including neighbours, are also trying to manage their interests. At such a time, it will be the responsibility to move forward with a non-aligned foreign policy. Nepal this time needs to avoid the geopolitical conflict of dominance in the US, China, and other countries in the world. Nepal has not given a clear answer to Beijing regarding the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project initiated by China. Nepal signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in 2017 to join the BRI project. Similarly, Minister Saud has been challenged to clarify NepalтАЩs position on the Global Security Initiative (GSI) and The Global Civilization Initiative (GCI) initiated by China. As Nepal has participated in the US тАШSummit for DemocracyтАЩ; which mainly focused on labelling China as тАЬautocraticтАЭ. Mainly the US is tending Nepal to be a part of the Indo-Pacific strategy Nepal now need to clear the position of non-align in International relation. But, seem it is a major challenge for the New foreign minister. He should lead the ministry keeping in mind relations with the two neighbours, powers, development partners, and other friendly countries. This article is initially published in the Asia Live.

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рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдГ рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдкреБрд░рд╛рдиреИ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рд╕рдБрдЧреИ, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХреЗ рдлрд╛рдЗрджрд╛?

рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдБ: рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрд╕рдБрдЧреИ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рдорд╛ ‘рднреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕рд┐рди рдбрд┐рдкреНрд▓реЛрдореЗрд╕реА’рдХреЛ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рдЪреБрд▓рд┐рдБрджреИ рдЧрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдпрддрд┐ рдмреЗрд▓рд╛ рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдорд╛ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╣рд░реВ рдЪреАрдирдорд╛рдерд┐ ‘рднреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕рд┐рди рдбрд┐рдкреНрд▓реЛрдореЗрд╕реА’ рдЪрд▓рд╛рдЗрд░рд╣реЗрдХреЛ рдЖрд░реЛрдк рд▓рдЧрд╛рдЗрд░рд╣реЗрдХрд╛ рдЫрдиреНред рдЕрд░реНрдХреЛрддрд░реНрдл рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рджреЗрд╢рд╣рд░реВ рдкрдирд┐ рднреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕рд┐рди рдбрд┐рдкреНрд▓реЛрдореЗрд╕реАрдорд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐рд░рд╣реЗрдХрд╛ рдЫрдиреНред рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрдХреИ рдмреАрдЪ рдЪреАрдирдХреЛ рдЕрд░реНрдХреЛ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛рдорд╛ рдЫ -рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбред рдЪреАрдирд▓реЗ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рд╕рд╛рд░реЗрдХреЛ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдмреЗрд▓реНрдЯ рдПрдгреНрдб рд░реЛрдб рдЗрдирд┐рд╕рд┐рдПрдЯрд┐рдн (рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ) рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рдиреИ рд░рд╣рдиреЗрдЧрд░реА рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ рд╕рджрд╕реНрдп рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рд╕рд╛рд░рд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдпреЛ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рд░ рдлрд╛рдЗрджрд╛ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдкрдХреНрдХрд╛ рдЫред рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ рдкреНрд░реЛрдЯреЛрдХрд▓рдорд╛ рд╣рд╕реНрддрд╛рдХреНрд╖рд░ рдЧрд░рд┐рд╕рдХреЗрдХреЛ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рд╣реЛред ‘рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб (рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░)’ рдХреЗ рд╣реЛ? рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░ рдЕрд╣рд┐рд▓реЗ рд╕реБрд░реБ рдЧрд░рд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рднрдиреЗ рд╣реЛрдЗрдиред рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рднрдиреЗ рдмрдвреЗрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдмрдвреЗрд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдиреЗрддреГрддреНрд╡рд▓реЗ рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░рдХреЛ рдкрдХреНрд╖рдорд╛ рд╡рдХрд╛рд▓рдд рдЧрд░реНрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХрд╛ рдЫрдиреНред рд╕рдиреН реирежрезрем рдорд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рд╕реА рдЪрд┐рдирдлрд┐рдЩрд▓реЗ рдЙрдЬреНрдмреЗрдХрд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рдирдХреЛ рд╕рдВрд╕рджрдорд╛ рдкреБрдЧреЗрд░ рд╣рд░рд┐рдд, рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде, рдмреМрджреНрдзрд┐рдХ рддрдерд╛ рд╢рд╛рдиреНрддрд┐рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрдХреЛ  рдЖрд╣реНрд╡рд╛рди рдЧрд░реЗрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рддреНрдпрд╣реАрдБрдмрд╛рдЯ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдХреЛ рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдирдЖрдЙрдБрджрд╛рд╕рдореНрдо рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИрдХреИ рд╕реАрдорд╛рднрд┐рддреНрд░ рд░рд╣рдБрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рдЫреБрдЯреНрдЯреИ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рд╣реБрди рдерд╛рд▓реЗрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░ рдЕрд╣рд┐рд▓реЗрдХреЛ рдЪреАрдирдХреЛ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдиреАрддрд┐рдХреЛ рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рд░, рдпрд╣реА рдиреАрддрд┐ рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рднрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рд╛рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдЧрд░реНрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдпрд╣реА рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдг рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреАрдорд╛рд░реНрдлрддреН рд╕рджрд╕реНрдп рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╣рд░реВрдорд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рднреВрдд рдЬрдирд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрдХрд╛ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреА рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдБрджреИ рд▓реИрдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╕рдиреН реирежрезрен рдорд╛ рдиреИ рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░рдХреЛ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рдВрдЧрдардирд╕рдореНрдо рднрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рдЪреАрди рд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рдВрдЧрдардирдмреАрдЪ рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзреА рдПрдордУрдпреВрдорд╛ рд╣рд╕реНрддрд╛рдХреНрд╖рд░рд╕рдореЗрдд рдЧрд░рд┐рд╕рдХреЗрдХрд╛ рдЫрдиреНред рдбрдмреНрд▓реБрдПрдЪрдУ рдЪреАрдирд╕рдБрдЧ рдпрд╕реНрддреЛ рд╕рд╣рдорддрд┐рдорд╛ рд╣рд╕реНрддрд╛рдХреНрд╖рд░ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рд╕рдВрдЧрдарди рд╣реЛред рддреНрдпрддрд┐ рдмреЗрд▓рд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рд╕реАрд▓реЗ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрдорд╛ рд╣рд╛рддреЗрдорд╛рд▓реЛ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрдорд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рд╕реАрд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдПрдЪрдПрд╕рдЖрд░рдХреЛ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛рд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдкреНрд░рд╢рдВрд╕рд╛ рдЧрд░реНрджреИ рдбрдмреНрд▓реБрдПрдЪрдУрдХрд╛ рддрддреНрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рдорд╣рд╛рд╕рдЪрд┐рд╡рд▓реЗ рдорд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрд▓рд╛рдИ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░рдорд╛ рд░рд╛рдЦреЗрд░ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИрд▓реЗ рджрд╕реНрддрд╛рдмреЗрдЬ рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддреБрдд рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХреА рдерд┐рдЗрдиреНред рдЙрдирд▓реЗ рддреНрдпрддрд┐ рдмреЗрд▓рд╛ ремреж рджреЗрд╢рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдиреЗрддреГрддреНрд╡ рднреЗрд▓рд╛ рднрдИ рд╕рд╛рдореВрд╣рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрдХреЛ рдЖрд╣реНрд╡рд╛рдирд╕рдореЗрдд рдЧрд░реЗрдХреА рдерд┐рдЗрдиреНред реирежрезрен рдХреЛ рдореЗрдорд╛ рдмреЗрдЗрдЬрд┐рдЩрдорд╛ рд╕рдореНрдкрдиреНрди рдмреЗрд▓реНрдЯ рдПрдгреНрдб рд░реЛрдб рдлреЛрд░рдордорд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рд╕реАрд▓реЗ рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдХреЛ рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛рд▓рд╛рдИ рдЖрддреНрдорд╕рд╛рдд рдЧрд░реНрджреИ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИрдорд╛ рд╕рд╣рднрд╛рдЧреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╣рд░реВ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рд░ рдПрдЬреБрдХреЗрд╢рдирд▓ рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдг рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рд╣рд╛рдореНрд░реЛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕рдорд╛ рдмрд▓ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рдЙрдирд▓реЗ рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди, рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рд╛, рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрд┐ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рддрдерд╛ рдЬрдирд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдз рдЖрджрд╛рдирдкреНрд░рджрд╛рдирдорд╛ рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реА рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдЙрдирд▓реЗ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рдЙрдирд▓реЗ рддреНрдпрддрд┐ рдмреЗрд▓реИ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИрдорд╛ рд╕рд╣рднрд╛рдЧреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╣рд░реВрдорд╛ резрежреж рдЦреБрд╕реА рдШрд░ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛, резрежреж рдЧрд░рд┐рдмреА рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░рдг рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рд░ резрежреж рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕реНрдпрд╛рд╣рд╛рд░ рддрдерд╛ рдкреБрдирд░реНрд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рд╕реБрд░реБ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдШреЛрд╖рдгрд╛ рдЧрд░реЗрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рд░ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб реирежрезреп рдХреЛ рдЕрдиреНрддреНрдпрд╕рдореНрдо рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ рдорд╛рддрд╣рддрдорд╛ рдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛рдорд╛ рд░рд╣рдБрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб, рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рд╕рдБрдЧреИ реирежреиреж рдпрддрд╛ рдПрдХрд▓ рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛рдорд╛ рдЖрдЗрд░рд╣реЗрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐ рддрдерд╛ рдкрд░рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рдиреАрддрд┐рдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рдкрд╛рд░реНрджреИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдЧрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдкрд╛рдиреНрдбреЗрдорд┐рдХрд╕рдБрдЧреИ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╕рд┐рдд рддрдерд╛ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕рд╢реАрд▓ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╣рд░реВрдХреЛ рдЬрдирд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдХрдордЬреЛрд░реАрд▓рд╛рдИ рд╕рдореЗрдд рдЙрдЬрд╛рдЧрд░ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдЫред рдЕрдирдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрдХреНрд░рдордгрдХреЛ рдЧрддрд┐рд▓реЗ рдЙрдЪрд╛рдЗ рд▓рд┐рдБрджрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рд╣рд░реВ рдЕрдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рднрдПред реирежреиреж рдХреЛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЪрдорд╛ рдЪреАрдирдорд╛ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдХреЛ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдирд┐рдпрдиреНрддреНрд░рдгрдорд╛ рдЖрдЙрдБрджреИ рдЧрд░реНрджрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрдХреЛ рдЪрдкреЗрдЯрд╛рдорд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рд░рд╣реЗрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рдорд╛рд░реНрдЪ реирежреиреж рдорд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рд╕реАрд▓реЗ рдЗрдЯрд╛рд▓реАрдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирдордиреНрддреНрд░реА рдЧреНрдпреБрд╕реЗрдк рдХреЛрдиреНрдЯреЗрд╕рдБрдЧ рдЯреЗрд▓рд┐рдлреЛрди рд╡рд╛рд░реНрддрд╛ рдЧрд░реНрджреИ рдЪреАрди рдЗрдЯрд╛рд▓реАрд╕рдБрдЧ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рд▓рдбреНрди рддрдерд╛ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдЗрдЯрд╛рд▓реАрд╕рдБрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрд░ рдХрд╛рдо рдЧрд░реНрди рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗрдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рддреНрдпрд╕рдпрддрд╛ рд╣рд░реЗрдХ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдиреЗрддреГрддреНрд╡рд▓реЗ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрдорд╛ рдЬреЛрдб рджрд┐рдБрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХрд╛ рдЫрдиреНред рдЪреАрдирд▓реЗ рдЖрдлреНрдирд╛ рд╣рд░реЗрдХ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧрдорд╛ рдпрд╣реА рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдкрд┐рдЯрд░реНрд╕рди рдЗрдиреНрд╕реНрдЯрд┐рдЪреНрдпреБрдЯ рдЕрдл рдЗрдиреНрдЯрд░рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓ рдЗрдХреЛрдиреЛрдорд┐рдХреНрд╕рдХреЛ рдПрдХ рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрдирд▓реЗ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрдХреЛ рд╕рдордпрдорд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгрд╣рд░реВрдХреЛ рдХрд░рд┐рдм рдкрдЪрд╛рд╕ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╢рдд рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рднрдПрдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд╛рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрдХрд╛ рдмреАрдЪрдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдЧреНрд░реА рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рддрдерд╛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рдгрдорд╛ рдЪреАрдирдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рдорд░реНрдереНрдпрд▓реЗ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рд╕рдБрдЧ рдЬреБрдзрд┐рд░рд╣реЗрдХрд╛ рдЧрд░рд┐рдм рджреЗрд╢рд╣рд░реВрдХрд╛ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧреА рд╕рд┐рджреНрдз рднрдпреЛред рдбрдмреНрд▓реБрдПрдЪрдУрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдореЗрд░рд┐рдХреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рдбреЛрдирд╛рд▓реНрдб рдЯреНрд░рдореНрдкрд▓реЗ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧ рдмрдиреНрдж рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдШреЛрд╖рдгрд╛ рдЧрд░реЗрд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдЪреАрдирд▓реЗ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдЬрдЧрддрдорд╛ рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реАрд▓рд╛рдИ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдБрджреИ рд▓рдЧреЗрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рд░ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рд▓рдбреНрди рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓рд╛рдИ рдЙрддреНрддрд░реА рдЫрд┐рдореЗрдХреА рдЪреАрдирд▓реЗ рднреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕рд┐рдирд╕рд╣рд┐рддрдХрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдЧреНрд░реА рд╣рд╕реНрддрд╛рдиреНрддрд░рдг рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╕рдиреН реирежреиреж рдХреЛ рдЬреБрд▓рд╛рдИрдорд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд╕реНрдЯреЗрдЯ рдХрд╛рдЙрдиреНрд╕рд┐рд▓рд░ рддрдерд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢рдордиреНрддреНрд░реА рд╡рд╛рдЩ рдпреАрд▓реЗ рдЪреАрди рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓, рдкрд╛рдХрд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рди рд░ рдЕрдлрдЧрд╛рдирд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рдирдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢рдордиреНрддреНрд░реАрдмреАрдЪ рднрд┐рдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕рдХреЛ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдЧрд░реЗред рдкрдЫрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реЛ рд╕рдордп рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдорд╛ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рддрдерд╛ рднрд╛рд░рддрдорд╛ рдпреЛ рднрд┐рдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕рд▓рд╛рдИ ‘рдЯреНрд░рд╛рдиреНрд╕-рд╣рд┐рдорд╛рд▓рдп рдХреНрд╡рд╛рдб’ рддрдпрд╛рд░реАрдХреЛ рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзрд┐рдд рд╕рдорд╛рдЪрд╛рд░: рдХреЗ рд╣реЛ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд╕рдореЗрдд рдЬреЛрдбрд┐рдПрдХреЛ ‘рд╣рд┐рдорд╛рд▓рдп рдХреНрд╡рд╛рдб’ : рдХрд┐рди рд╕рд╢рдВрдХрд┐рдд рд╣реБрдБрджреИрдЫрдиреН рднрд╛рд░рдд рд░ рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдорд╛ рджреЗрд╢? рд╕реЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕рдорд╛ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реАрд▓рд╛рдИ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдБрджреИ рд▓реИрдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд░ рдЪрд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдмреАрдЪ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╕рдВрдпрдиреНрддреНрд░ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдг, рдирд┐рд░реНрдмрд╛рдз рд╕рдЮреНрдЪрд╛рд▓рди рд╣реБрдиреЗ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рддрдерд╛ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рддрдХреЛ рд░реБрдЯ рд╕реБрдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ, рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рд╕рд╣рдорддрд┐ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рддреАрди рджреЗрд╢рд╣рд░реВ рдЪреАрдирд╕рдБрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрд░ рдмреЗрд▓реНрдЯ рдПрдгреНрдб рд░реЛрдб рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реАрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдБрджреИ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрдкрдЫрд┐ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдЬрд┐рдХ-рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдкреБрди: рдЙрддреНрдерд╛рдирдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдЪреАрдирд╕рдБрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрд░ рдХрд╛рдо рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рд╕рд╣рдорддрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдд рднрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рддреНрдпрд╕реНрддреИ реирежреирез рдХреЛ рдЕрдкреНрд░рд┐рд▓рдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢рдордиреНрддреНрд░реА рдпреАрд▓реЗ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд╕рд╣рд┐рдд рджрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдг рдПрд╕рд┐рдпрд╛рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдБрдЪ рджреЗрд╢рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢рдордиреНрддреНрд░реАрд╕рдБрдЧ рднрд┐рдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдЧрд░реЗред рд╕реЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕рдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдЙрдирд▓реЗ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рд▓рдбреНрди рдЬрдирддрд╛рдХрдХреЛ рдЬреАрд╡рди рддрдерд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрдХреЛ рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЧрд░реНрди, рдЬрдирд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрд▓рд╛рдИ рдХрд╛рдпрдо рд░рд╛рдЦреНрди рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдмреЗрд▓реНрдЯ рдПрдгреНрдб рд░реЛрдб рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реАрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рд╕реЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕рдорд╛рд░реНрдлрддреН рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд╕рд╣рд┐рдд рджрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдг рдПрд╕рд┐рдпрд╛рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рдБрдЪ рджреЗрд╢рд╣рд░реВрд▓реЗ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдирд┐рдпрдиреНрддреНрд░рдгрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдмреЗрд▓реНрдЯ рдПрдгреНрдб рд░реЛрдб рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реАрдорд╛рд░реНрдлрддреН рдЪреАрдирд╕рдБрдЧ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрд░ рдХрд╛рдо рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдЪрд╛рд╣рдирд╛ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрдд рдЧрд░реЗрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рддреНрдпрд╕реНрддреИ рдЬреБрди резреп, реирежреиреж рдорд╛ рдЪреАрдирдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢рдордиреНрддреНрд░реА рдпреАрд▓реЗ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИрдорд╛ рд╕рд╣рднрд╛рдЧреА рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд╕рд╣рд┐рдд реирел рджреЗрд╢рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢рдордиреНрддреНрд░реА рдбрдмреНрд▓реБрдПрдЪрдУрдХрд╛ рдорд╣рд╛рд╕рдЪрд┐рд╡, рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рд╕рдВрдШрдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдорд╣рд╛рд╕рдЪрд┐рд╡ рд╕рдореНрдорд┐рд▓рд┐рдд рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдЧрд░реЗрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рд╕реЛ рд╕рдореНрдореЗрд▓рдирдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рдпреАрд▓реЗ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдорд╛рд░реНрдлрддреН рднреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕рд┐рдирдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рддрд░рдг, рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрддрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рдмрддрд╛рдПрдХрд╛ рдерд┐рдПред рд╕реЛ рднрд┐рдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдХрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдиреНрд╕рд▓реЗ резреп рдмреБрдБрджреЗ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╡рдХреНрддрд╡реНрдп рдЬрд╛рд░реА рднрдПрдХреЛ рдерд┐рдпреЛред рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╡рдХреНрддрд╡реНрдпрдХреЛ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдб рдЦрдгреНрдбрдорд╛ рддреАрди рдмреБрдБрджрд╛рдорд╛рд░реНрдлрддреН рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб-резреп рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдзрдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рдЭреЗрджрд╛рд░реАрдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрдорд╛ рдЬрдирд╛рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рддреНрдпрд╕реНрддреИ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╡рдХреНрддрд╡реНрдпрдорд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдзрд╛рд░ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрд╕рд╣рд┐рдд рдЯреЗрд▓рд┐рдореЗрдбрд┐рд╕рд┐рдирдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреА рдЖрд╣реНрд╡рд╛рди рдЧрд░рд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╕рд╛рдереИ рдмреЗрд▓реНрдЯ рдПрдгреНрдб рд░реЛрдб рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдХреНрд░рдордорд╛ рд╕рд╣рднрд╛рдЧреА рджреЗрд╢рд╣рд░реВрд▓рд╛рдИ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдХрд╛рдиреБрдирд▓реЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрджрд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рд▓рдбреНрди рдПрдХ рдЕрд░реНрдХрд╛ рджреЗрд╢рд▓рд╛рдИ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓реЗрдЦ рдЫред рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрдЧрддрдХрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реАрдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рд╣реБрдБрджреИ рдЧрд░реНрджрд╛ рдЪреАрдирд▓реЗ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрд▓рд╛рдИ рдЕрдЧрд╛рдбрд┐ рдмрдврд╛рдЙрдБрджреИ рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдирднрдПрдХреЛ рд╕рдиреНрджреЗрд╢ рд╕рд╣рднрд╛рдЧреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╣рд░реВрд▓рд╛рдИ рджрд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд░реЛрдб рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЬрд╕реНрддрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдзрд╛рд░ рдХрдо рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рднрдПрдХрд╛ рджреЗрд╢рд╣рд░реВрд▓рд╛рдИ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрд┐ рд╣реБрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫред рдЪреАрдирд▓реЗ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рдгрдорд╛ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧ рдкреБрд░реНтАНрдпрд╛рдЙрдБрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдирд┐рдЬрд╛рдорддреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ (рд╕рд┐рднрд┐рд▓) рдЕрд╕реНрдкрддрд╛рд▓рдХреЛ рд╕реНрддрд░реЛрдиреНрдирддрд┐ рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧрдорд╛ рдЪрд▓рд┐рд░рд╣реЗрдХреЛ рдЫред рднрд░рддрдкреБрд░ рдХреНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╕рд░ рдЕрд╕реНрдкрддрд╛рд▓, рдХреАрд░реНрддрд┐рдкреБрд░рдХреЛ рдЖрдпреБрд░реНрд╡реЗрдж рдЕрдиреБрд╕рдиреНрдзрд╛рди рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░рд╕рд╣рд┐рддрдХрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдЪрд┐рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рд╕рд╣рдпреЛрдЧрдмрд╛рдЯ рднрдПрдХрд╛ рдЫрдиреНред рдмреАрдЖрд░рдЖрдИрдорд╛ рд╕рд╣рднрд╛рдЧреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдХреЛ рд╣реИрд╕рд┐рдпрддрдорд╛ рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдорд╛рд░реНрдлрддреН рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓реЗ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдореАрдг рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдлрд╛рдЗрджрд╛ рд▓рд┐рди рд╕рдХреНрдЫред рдпреЛ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдЧреНрд░реА рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛрдкрдЯрдХ рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛрдкреЛрд╕реНрдЯрдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рднрдПрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред

рд╣реЗрд▓реНрде рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрдХ рд░реЛрдбрдГ рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдкреБрд░рд╛рдиреИ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рдХреЛрднрд┐рдб -резреп рд╕рдБрдЧреИ, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХреЗ рдлрд╛рдЗрджрд╛? Read More ┬╗

65 Years Of Nepal-China Relation: Extend Toward Strategic Co-Operation

Dhakal Bidhur Today, August 1, the day of Nepal-China Relation; Nepal and China have a history of relations from the age of the history of Nepal and China and deep-rooted form the heart of the people from both countries. The significant of the bilateral relations between the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Democratic Republic of China has evolved since the days of Nepali monk and scholar Buddhabhadra (early 5th Century), Princess Bhrikuti, and Araniko and early visits of Chinese monks and scholars like Monk Fa Xian (Jin Dynasty), Monk Xuan Zang (Tang Dynasty) and Manjushree among others. 1st   of August 1955, both countries have formalized their historical relation by establishing diplomatic relations. Since these 65 years, both countries have mutual understanding and relation concerning each other and treated each other as an equal and sovereign and equal partner. With Five Principle of Peaceful Co-existence Nepal and China have unyielding respect and faith in each other as this ideology is incorporated in both countriesтАЩ foreign policy. The two countries share a range of 1,414 kilometers border in the Himalayan range of the northern side of Nepal. Nepal is only the country to have its consulate in Lhasa, capital of Tibet Autonomous Region. This shows that how Nepal and China shared their faith in each other.  There is a large presence of people of Nepali origin in Tibet living in harmony with the locals pursuing different professions. Nepal also maintains Consulate General in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Our shared cultural connections extend beyond these mighty Himalayas to embrace deep-rooted arts, architectures, and scripts having commonalities. The styles of the temples, old buildings, their window panes, and wooden beams to name a few   that speak a volume about the strong influence cultures on either side for centuries. One of the most striking shreds of evidence is the continuity of the Ranjana script (scripts of Kathmandu based Newar ethnic community) used to inscribe sacred chants in the prayer wheels around Buddhist temples in China indicates the influence of Kathmandu in Chinese Buddhism. The script has been spread not only in Tibet but also throughout the monasteries of the Chinese mainland and Mongolia. High-Level Visit Extend Our relation in Strategic Co-operation The year 2019 was the year of High-level visits between the two countries. After 23 years, Jiang Zemin in 1996; president Xi Jinping Visit in Nepal in 2019. As he recalls it in his congratulatory message to President Bidhya Devi Bhandari on the occasion of 65 the anniversary of the diplomatic relation between two countries, he and Bhandari exchanged visits last year and elevated the bilateral relationship to a strategic partnership for cooperation featuring ever-lasting friendship for development and prosperity. President Xi also said Saturday that he attaches greater importance to the development of China-Nepal Relation and willing to work with Nepal to push for the continued advancement of the bilateral relation.  He also said that he is ready to work with the Nepali counterpart to bring greater benefits to the two peoples and make positive contributions to regional stability and development. Last year President Xi had visited Nepal reducing the gap of the high level visit from China. Last year President Bhandari and in 2018 Prime minster was welcomed by China as a state guest. Those visits had made the relation of both countries as strategic co-operation.  Exchange of bilateral visits immensely put in to further nurturing Nepal-China bilateral relations and promoting the understanding between the two countries. With the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on 12 May 2017 in Kathmandu between Nepal and China, new avenues for bilateral cooperation in the mutually agreed areas are expected to open. The Government of the PeopleтАЩs Republic of China provided substantial and spontaneous support in search, relief, and rescue efforts of Nepal following the devastating earthquakes of 2015. China provided 3 billion Yuan on NepalтАЩs reconstruction to be used in the mutually selected 25 major projects for the period of 2016-2018. The two countries signed three separate bilateral Agreements on Economic and Technical Cooperation on 23 December 2016, 15 August 2017, and 21 June 2018 for providing a Chinese grant of one billion Yuan each to Nepal for implementing post-disaster reconstruction projects, livelihood projects, and other mutually agreed projects. Likewise, China has to support Nepal in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Nepal is cooperating with China for it. Nepal has spread its hands of help by donating masks to China to fight against this pandemic in Wuhan. On the visit of President Xi, both sides have recognized that Mount Sagarmatha/Zhumulangama as an external symbol of friendship between Nepal and China. In this state visit, Nepal and China have taken BRI as an important opportunity to deepen mutually-beneficial cooperation in all fields comprehensively, jointly pursue common prosperity and dedicate them to maintaining peace, stability, and development in the region. They have agreed that the bilateral relationship between Nepal and China has entered a new phase. It is always, Nepal has committed in One China Policy acknowledging that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory and Tibet affairs are ChinaтАЩs internal affairs and the determination on not allowing any anti-China activities on its soil. To intensify the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative to enhance connectivity, encompassing such vital components as ports, roads, railways, aviation, and communications within the overarching framework of trans-Himalayan Multi-Dimensional Connectivity Network to significantly contribute to NepalтАЩs development agenda that includes graduating from LDC at an early date, becoming middle-income country by 2030 and realizing the SDGs by the same date. Nepal and China are exchanging and cooperation in education, culture, tourism, traditional medicine, media, think tanks, and youth at different levels. On that visit, China consented to the establishment of NepalтАЩs Consulate General in Chengdu, Sichuan Province of China. Nepal is the founding member of the AIIB and holds the status of Dialogue Partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

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CTA Election, Mounting American Persuade And Impact On Nepal-China Relation

Dhakal Bidhur On Sunday, Tibetan refugees are voting to elect the leadership of their government. The final phase of the election, to be held on April 11 in Dharamshala and other cities around the world will elect the next Sikyong (President). The final two candidates with the slogan of тАШIndependent TibetтАЩ are in the contest. The government of Tibetan exile, known as the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA), has meanwhile been waging anti-China activities in favor of an independent Tibet. This year, Lobsang Sangay has completed his second term. Meanwhile, the US has implemented the Tibet Policy and Support Act (TPSA) in line with its strategy of encompassing China. The United States is helping the Tibetan community through an act issued by the United States amid opposition from China. As of December 22, 2020, more than 80,000 voters around the world have registered to vote. Of these, more than 55,000 are in India alone. Big pooling is going to be held in Dharamshala ; the capital of the CTA. Forty-five members will be elected for the 16th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile (TPiE). Disputes are growing among the Tibetan community over the election of a new Sikyong. Initially, eight candidates appeared in the election race, but in the final competition, two have been selected. Candidates have been campaigning on social media. Penpa Tsering and Kelsang Dorjee Aukatsang are currently vying for the post of head of TibetтАЩs exiled government. Tsering was also contesting in 2016. He is a former envoy of the Dalai Lama to Washington DC. Dorsi is also the Dalai LamaтАЩs representative for North America. Former Deputy Speaker Dolma Giari has dropped out of the competition. Although she has served as home minister in TibetтАЩs government-in-exile, it is unknown at this time what he will do after leaving the post. On the other hand, discussions have started among the Tibetan community regarding DolmaтАЩs exit. In Dolma, two men have even started analyzing the politics of Khampa. Those contesting the election have given slogans of unity, education, and patriotism. On the other hand, the current heads of government have been accused of failing to facilitate dialogue between the Dalai Lama and the Chinese Communist Party. Mounting American Persuade The United States has been attacking China over Tibet. In this case, he is expanding his influence. Diplomatic tensions between China and the United States escalated as the world struggled against COVID-19. At the root of the controversy was the USтАЩs Tibet Policy and Support Act (TPSA). The controversy escalated when the US Congress passed a bill.  American policy on Tibet and reaffirmed the USтАЩs support for the Dalai Lama and the CTA. This Act will result in economic and visa sanctions on any of the Chinese officials who interfere with the succession of the Dalai Lama. Not only that, but the Act will also require Beijing to allow the opening of a US consulate in Lhasa before any new Chinese consulate can be opened in the US. The TPSA passed by the both house of Congress of the US as an amendment to the $1.4 trillion government spending bill and the $900 billion Covid-19 relief package. The Act sets aside, $1 million per annum for the Special US Coordinator on Tibet. $675,000 for scholarship programs, $575,000 for scholarly exchanges, $ 8 million for ChinaтАЩs Tibet Autonomous Region, $6 million for Tibetan refugees in India and Nepal, $ 3.4 million for Voice of America and Radio Free Asia reporting on Tibet, and $3 million for Tibetan exiles have been allocated for the government. Tibet has been a major weapon against the United States in attacking China. Claiming to be the new head of government, Dorjee announced in his election manifesto that he would take the Tibetan independence struggle to the next level. He pledged to expand the capacity of offices in Delhi, Washington DC and Brussels, and Taipei. He also pledged to advance the Tibetan freedom struggle strategically by enhancing coordination with the central government of India. тАШLetтАЩs move forward together for one nation, one people, one struggle; тАЬLetтАЩs use collective energy and resources for great thinking, invention and Tibetan independence, rights and dignity,тАЭ he said. Both candidates have ties to the United States. Thus, the US influence on the Tibetan community in the region is likely to increase. This seems to have an impact on Nepal, which has adopted a тАШone-China policy. The strategy of digitizing the activities related to independent Tibet seems to have an impact on Nepal as well. The US always has argued against Nepal on the issue of Tibetan issue. The US Secretary of the State  2019, asked the Nepal government to honor the principle of тАЬnon-refoulmentтАЭ, a cornerstone of international refugee law whereby asylum seekers or refugees canтАЩt be forced to return to a country where they can be subjected to persecution. In his note to the PM, Secretary Pompeo made a special mention regarding Tibetan refugees in Nepal and highlighted NepalтАЩs reassurance to protect the rights of Tibetans in Nepal, particularly the principle of non-refoulment. Nepal is firmly committed to the One China policy and is also committed not to allow its soil to be used for any inimical activities against China. CTA announcing free Tibet will impact on Nepal-China relations. The aggression activities by upcoming CTA leadership; will have a certain influence on communities settling in Nepal. Winch will certainly impact NepalтАЩs policy. It is and need to be a great concern to both of the nation. This Article Initially published in The Asia Live in. Click hear to read archive of the original article.

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тАШHimalayan QuadтАЩ: Western Skeptical On тАШTran-Himalayan CooperationтАЩ

Dhakal Bidhur Globe is fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic. The global powers are fighting themselves for geopolitical supremacy. NepalтАЩs geopolitical position in South Asia is considered strategically important to all. Two neighbors, China and India, want to keep Nepal aside from them. Meanwhile, for the United States, Nepal has been geography of strategic importance for South Asia. At this time, the Himalayan nation Nepal has been facing a clash between the three power Nations.┬аNepal, a partner of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRE) proposed by China; is working together and separately with its three friendly nations in various multilateral fora.┬аThe US is been working hard to get Nepal, a member of the BRI, to participate in its Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS)- a defense policy. On the other hand, the US is in a way toward investment publicly in Nepal through the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). тАШThe controversialтАЩ MCC is yet to be passed from the parliament.┬аTogether with the IPS, the US has initiated a Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) involving Japan, Australia, and India to counter Chinese influence in the region.┬аIn particular, the first virtual conference of heads of state/government was held in March this year, 14 years after the forum was first initiated by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue. Interest of each and concern at the conference was ChinaтАЩs growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region; and on the other hand, ChinaтАЩs support in the fight against COVID-19 in this area. At the same conference,US President Joe Biden announced more than a billion vaccines would be distributed in the region by the end of 2022 to reduce Chinese influence. Besides this тАШQuadтАЩ, another тАШQuadтАЩ is in term of discussion last months in Indian and western media- тАШHimalayan QuadтАЩ by China with its strategic partner Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. What is the Himalayan Quad and How its Starts? On the 27th of July 2020, Foreign Ministers of Afghanistan, China, Nepal, and Pakistan held a video conference on COVID-19. In the meeting chaired by Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan foreign ministers were attended.  The Western and Indian media describes it as ChinaтАЩs тАШCOVID-19 DiplomacyтАЩ. In November 2020, Indian scholar Jagannath Panda in a Journal of Analysis and Information in issue China brief published by the Jamestown Foundation called it as Trans-Himalayan тАШQuadтАЩ, and lament toward China as тАШBeijingтАЩs TerritorialismтАЩ. Indicating this quadrilateral video conference between four nations, Panda offers a new hue on it. The quadrilateral meeting focused on the enhancing Quadrilateral Corporation to encounter the COVID-19 pandemic was roasted as the security alliance and connected toward the Quad as the US, India, Japan and Australia are practicing in the Indo-Pacific region as the тАШNatoтАЩ. On April 2021, Yuri M Yarmolinsky, an analyst with the Belarusian Institute for Strategic Research and former Consular of Embassy of the Republic of Belarus to the Republic of India, in an article published in ORF Raisina Debates, noted the meeting as ChinaтАЩs unilateral and expansionist action in the region linking toward the increasing activity of the Quad. As the United States expands its investment in the Asia-Pacific region, Northern neighbor China has also extended a helping hand to neighboring countries. On the quadrilateral meeting ministers of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nepal supported Wang YiтАЩs four-point cooperation initiative and thanked China for providing medical and food assistance, and for sharing experience on COVID-19 containment. In particular, the ministers highly commended President Xi JinpingтАЩs initiative to make the vaccine a global public good. According to the FMPRC press release, these three nations will work with China in solidarity to deepen cooperation against COVID-19, strengthen joint response mechanisms, ensure unimpeded trade and transportation routes, facilitate personnel and trade flows, advance the тАЬSilk Road of healthтАЭ, and build a community with a shared future for mankind. Not only that FMPRC stated that these three nations will work with China to deepen Belt and Road cooperation, accelerate recovery in socio-economic and livelihood development, and promote post-COVID economic growth. This cooperation- Silk Road of Health, initiated by China is been called тАШVaccine DiplomacyтАЩ by Westerners. Yarmolinsky had added with SCMP this April that China already partners with Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan on security and strategic cooperation. тАШNepal is a strong foothold in the Himalayas in the context of the Sino-Indian territorial dispute, Afghanistan is a significant factor in ensuring security and maintaining stability in Xinjiang,тАЩ he was quoted by SCMP. Beijing and Islamabad have been working on a US$62 billion connectivity and infrastructure project known as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor тАУ part of BeijingтАЩs ambitious Belt and Road Initiative to grow a China-centered global trading network тАУ and the two sides have also cooperated on tackling security challenges around their shared border. Nepal, meanwhile, receives foreign direct investment and economic aid from Beijing, which has also opened a training academy in the small Himalayan country for the paramilitary police force that guards its border with Tibet. The two nationsтАЩ armies have held counterterrorism drills together in the past, too. On a horizon, western media and experts tend to explain this cooperation as a security alliance as тАШHimalaya QuadтАЩ. In March, when the Quad leader meeting was held virtually, the Chinese and Russian Foreign ministry meet at Not only that, in March, the first meeting of the Quad was held and the Chinese and Russian foreign ministers hold the bilateral meeting in Guilin city in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. The meeting shows the the unity against US and EU in the region. China and Russian have always followed the тАШfour-point agreement on showing firm support from each otherтАЩ, State Councilor Yi stated in that meeting. тАШWe should uphold the universally recognized international law. China is willing to further strengthen cooperation with Russia under the multilateral frameworks, such as the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and BRICS, jointly safeguard multilateralism, maintain the international system with the UN at its core and the international order based on international law, while firmly opposing unilateral sanctions as well as interference in other countries internal

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US Tibetan Policy: Possibilities Of Using NepalтАЩs Land Against China

At present, there is debate of Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in Nepal. Secondly the debate of US Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS) is reaching in peak. But, the US bill on Tibetan Policy and Support Act 2019 is in under the shadow which directly impact on Nepal-China relations. The policy targeting to the Tibet, an autonomous region of China has focused on Nepal to. This new law has shown signs of interference with NepalтАЩs тАШOne China PolicyтАЩ. However, there has been no discussion of a Tibetan bill passed by the United States in Nepal that has been embroiled in MCC controversy. In fact, in the political document presented in the second full meeting of the central committee of the ruling party of Nepal; Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) was stated that IPS had come in line with US strategy to surround China. Later It was corrected after the many of CCM agitate on the phrase. The document remains silent about the MCC and the bill. Meeting formed the task force under the leadership of senior leader JhalaNath Khanal to review the MCC. PrimeMinister Kp Sharma Oli, one of the Chair of the CPN is in position to pass the MCC from the parliament. This article is focused on the another factor affecting Nepal-China relations; US Tibetan Policy and Support Act 2019. What is the latest US law on Tibet? A law passed by the US parliament last month has closely monitored the human rights situation in Tibet. Also support the activities of тАШDalai LamaтАЩ and his followers. Not only that, it supported the separationist of the Tibet. The law is expected to put pressure on China to set up a US diplomatic center in Tibet. Under this legal foundation, the United States will now ban the new Chinese consulate in the United States until it establishes its diplomatic center in Tibet. However, China has commented that the US move would help those seeking independent Tibet. China has accused the US of questioning ChinaтАЩs sovereignty and geographical integrity. The law that is now passed will replace the тАШTibetan Policy Act 2002тАЩ. US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi has recently raised the issue of Tibet. тАЬWe are supporting the rights of religious freedom of Tibetan citizens,тАЭ she said during a vote in parliament last month, тАЬThe Tibetan Buddhist community has the right to elect its religious leader and future Dalai Lama.тАЭ The new law has added a provision for the President to provide financial support to NGOs in Tibet for the sustainable development of the Tibetan community, to preserve cultural and historicity as well as to protect health education and the environment. Likewise, the bill envisages a special coordinator to look into the Tibet issue. The aim of which is to make the selection of new Dalai Lama through a democratic way through dialogue between the Dalai LamaтАЩs representative and the Chinese government. Nepal under the new law Nepal is also discussed in US laws regarding Tibet. The third section of the law deals with the selection of the successor of the Dalai Lama. In this section, Nepal and Bhutan, India, Mongolia, China, Russia and the United States have a Tibetan Buddhist community accusing China of interfering in the selection of a new Dalai Lama. It also included the statement given by the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman on March 29, 1919, that the selection of the successor of the living Buddha along with the new Dalai Lama should be in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations. In this section, explaining American policy, the participation of the Tibetan Buddhist community in the election of a new Dalai Lama is mentioned in a traditional way. According to the wish of the 14th Dalai Lama, there should be an election of the 15th Dalai Lama. The law stipulates that the Chinese government or any governmentтАЩs activities that restrict Tibetan Buddhist activity will violate the basic religious freedom of the Tibetan people and Tibetan Buddhists. The United States may be banned from engaging in such activities. By which activities of the The fifth section of this law also mentions the democratic system of the exiled Tibetan community. Under which the Tibetan refugee community around the world should be given the right to elect a leader with the right to self-governance. In section 4 of it, referring to the Tibetan community seeking to preserve its culture, religion and language, the US State Department must deal with the Government of Nepal. тАЬThe Secretary of State should urge the Government of Nepal to honor the GentlemanтАЩs Agreement with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and to provide legal documentation to long-staying Tibetan residents in Nepal who fled a credible threat of persecution in Tibet in order to allow them to more fully participate in the economy and society of Nepal. тАШ By this Act, it is authorized to be appropriated $1,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2021 through 2025 for the Office of the United States Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues. Likewise, US will invest 1,250,000 $ on Name of Tibetan Scholarship Program each years on Nepal like nations. US will invest in Nepal on project of Humanitarian Assistance and Support to Tibetan Refugees in South Asia. It also amid to invest $8,000,000 for each year of the fiscal years 2021 through 2025 under to support activities which preserve cultural traditions and promote sustainable development, education, and environmental conservation in Tibetan communities in the Tibet Autonomous Region and in other Tibetan communities in China. Under the Assistance for Tibetans in India and Nepal, US will invest 6,000,000$ in name of promotion and preservation of Tibetan Culture and language Development. This investment is directly amid to development of future generation of Tibetan leaders. It will impact the relations between Nepal and China. The act has authorized to be appropriated $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2021 through 2025 for programs to strengthen the capacity of Tibetan institutions and strengthen democracy, governance, information and international outreach, and research. Not only

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